Both countries have used warning shots in an attempt to signal the submerged contacts to surface or leave the area. Norway and Sweden have faced this problem for more than 50 years from suspected Soviet and later Russian submarines. The recent sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline and the vulnerability of the world’s vast subsea network of electricity and network cables highlights the danger posed by unknown submersibles. If the coastal state detects a submerged submarine in the territorial sea, it is faced with a dilemma on the appropriate measures that can be used to force the submarine to surface or leave the territorial sea. A modern submarine fulfills its peacetime mission and combat role while submerged. Under certain circumstances, their concealed presence without the consent of the coastal state could be considered a threat to the territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal state. Submerged foreign submarines in a nation’s territorial sea pose a unique situation that is inconsistent with the rule of innocent passage. “We have attacked, fired upon, and dropped depth charges on a submarine operating in defensive sea area.”– USS Ward (DD-139 ) December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. A new Maritime Operational Zones Manual is forthcoming. These works build on the previous Maritime Operational Zones Manual published by the Stockton Center for International Law predecessor’s, the International Law Department, of the U.S. This article is part of a series that will explore the use and legal issues surrounding military zones employed during peace and war to control the entry, exit, and activities of forces operating in these zones.
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